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 One topic that was discussed that I found extremely interesting was about operant conditioning, and the influence it can have on encouraging or discouraging behavior. Specifically, I looked further into the effect operant conditioning can have when teachers use it in a classroom setting to manage student behavior. Effective classroom management is an important component of running a safe, nurturing learning environment that allows all the students the opportunity to learn without distracting behavior from others. If teacher understand the benefits and different ways operant conditioning can be used in their classroom, they may have less or no problems with classroom management.  Teachers can use operant conditioning to reward (reinforce) behavior that they want or punish (decrease) behavior that they don't want. When a student does something the teacher approves of, like raising their hand to answer a question, the teacher can immediately reward the student. This can be done ...

 Systematic Desensitization Therapy is a type of behavioral therapy which treats phobias, OCD, PTSD, and anxiety. It uses relaxation and exposure in order to treat extreme fear and aversions. Its used by counter conditioning in order to teach a person a new response to a certain stimuli. The idea behind this is by using relaxation techniques during exposure to a certain stimulus will counteract the flight-or-fight response. Systematic Desensitization uses has three phases connected to it. The first phase entails teaching the client different relaxation techniques that will condition their original response to the aversion stimulus. The next phase is a collaboration between the therapist and client to create a "hierarchy" of intensity to clients different levels of exposure. The last phase desensitizes that stimulus by graded exposure in order for the client to practice the relaxation techniques and reverse their aversions during the exposure. To explain this better and exampl...

    If you don’t already know what the Bobo Doll Experiment is, it was an experiment done by Albert Bandura in 1961. He had tested 36 girls and 36 boys, trying to figure out if violence was a behavior that they learned from observation. All of the kids were between the ages of 3 and 6. He was trying to show modeling, and there were 3 different groups. One was an aggressive model, one was a non-aggressive model and the third group had no model, and that was the control group. Children were shown to individual rooms with their own toys and in that room with them, they watched either a male or female model that was behaving very aggressively towards a toy they called a “bobo doll” and while these adults attacked the doll, they were using a hammer in some cases, while others just threw the doll in the air making noises at it.       Children who had observed the aggressive model had made more imitative responses than those in the non-aggressive group or the...

  Parenting styles play an important role in shaping a child's emotional, cognitive, and social development. While effective parenting can create positive outcomes, it is also important to acknowledge and understand the negative effects of noneffective parenting styles. A  peer-reviewed study conducted by Darling and Steinberg (1993) titled "Parenting Style as Context: An Integrative Model" provides insight into the impact of noneffective parenting styles on child development. The study examined three main parenting styles: authoritarian, permissive, and neglectful. Authoritarian parenting is characterized by strict rules, high demands, and little room for flexibility or open communication. The study revealed that children raised by authoritarian parents often experience lower self-esteem, decreased autonomy, and reduced problem-solving abilities. Permissive parenting involves an overly lenient approach, with few or no rules or boundaries set for the child. The study foun...

 Operant conditioning is a key factor in determining how children behave. The concepts of operant conditioning are frequently used by parents, caregivers, and educators to promote desired behaviors and reprimand undesirable ones. Children can be encouraged to engage in desirable conduct with the use of positive reinforcement. When a child exhibits positive behavior, such as finishing their homework or sharing with others, parents can reinforce these acts and improve the likelihood that they will occur again by giving incentives, compliments, or privileges. This strategy enables kids to connect their activities with positive consequences, encouraging them to keep up the desirable behaviors. On the other hand, using punishment to stop children from engaging in bad behavior is a sort of operant training. When used properly and regularly, punishment can teach kids about the negative effects of their actions and deter them from repeating those behaviors. However, it's crucial to remembe...

Observational learning is distinct from classical and operant conditioning in that it does not rely on positive reinforcement or previous experience to be effective. Instead, it makes use of learning through emulation. How does this intriguing process actually function, though? Picture a kid watching their father use some tools to put together some furniture. A parent makes a thorough plan, gathers the necessary materials, and follows it to completion. The kid watches this whole thing with interest, even though they've never put together furniture before.The child will want to replicate what they have seen their parent do. They get together their own tool kit, watch their parent carefully, and then try to put together their own, smaller piece of furniture. Children learn by watching their parents successfully assemble something, and while they may make some mistakes along the way, those early observations serve as a guide. The youngster will become more adept at putting together fu...

The relationship between stimuli and responses is explored in this significant learning process, which Ivan Pavlov famously investigated with his salivating dogs. Our brains are wired to form associations, as shown by classical conditioning, which enables us to react to neutral stimuli as if they were the real thing. Then, how does this amazing procedure operate? Let's take a trip back in time to Pavlov's lab, where the canine salivation experiment was conducted. Pavlov observed that his dogs had an unconditioned response of salivation when offered with food. Seeing his chance, he included a jingle bell before delivering the meal. When this combination was repeated multiple times, an interesting phenomenon emerged. Soon, the dogs knew that whenever they heard the bell, their dinner would soon be ready. At some point, the ringing of the bell became an involuntary reflex, independent of the presence of food. Salivation in response to the bell had become a conditioned reaction to ...

 Taste aversion was discussed briefly in one of the book chapters, and was very interesting to learn about. To start, taste aversion is an association people make between the taste of  a specific food and an illness, believing that the food caused the illness, even in cases where that is not true. Taste aversion plays a huge role in helping keep us alive, and not only affects humans but animals as well. Many studies have been done since the 1940s on conditioned taste aversion, which is a form of classical conditioning in which a food item has been paired with an unpleasant thing (like an illness), which then becomes a conditioned aversive stimulus. A large majority of the experiments done with animals in labs have focused on rats and looked to find a way to control their population. One of the scientists studying taste aversion, John Garcia found many new discoveries relating to this topic that went against what the scientific community thought they knew about taste aversion a...

 Aversion Therapy is a type of behavior therapy thats main goal is to associate an unwanted behavior with displeasure. It can be used for a wide variety of unwanted behaviors such as bad habits, alcoholism, anger issues, addictions, and smoking. During this type of therapy the client partakes in the behavior that they enjoy and at the same time are exposed to something that makes them feel discomfort like an infliction of pain (shocks), a bad smell, a bad taste, etc. An example of this could be if the client is smoking cigarette while they do it they have to snap a rubber band on their wrist. As the discomforting act become associated with the unwanted behavior, the behavior begins to decrease and ultimately extinguish all together. The effectiveness of Aversion therapy relies on factors such as the client's willingness as well as the methods that are being associated with the behavior. While under supervision of a therapist, aversion therapy usually works great. However, there is ...

 Operant conditioning is a psychology concept that involves using rewards and punishments to influence behavior. It focuses on how the consequences of behaviors influence the chance of behavior repetition, with positive reinforcement increasing the likelihood of behavior repetition, negative reinforcement removing or avoiding unpleasant stimuli, and punishment decreasing the frequency of behavior occurrence. Operant conditioning allows for the molding and control of behavior in a variety of circumstances by manipulating consequences. In the workplace, operant conditioning can be seen in a variety of ways shaping and influencing employee behavior. Consider a company's sales crew as an example. The management institutes a commission-based reward system in which employees receive monetary bonuses for hitting or exceeding sales targets. This positive reinforcement motivates people to work harder and strive for higher performance. As a result, individuals who consistently meet their goa...

 Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopment disorder that affects both children and adults. While ADHD is usually linked with childhood, if misdiagnosed and untreated, it may continue into adulthood. This post came to mind after seeing numerous posts on Tiktok concerning untreated ADHD that was finally diagnosed in adulthood.  Adults who are undiagnosed with ADHD may have a variety of issues and difficulties in their daily life. The following are some common indications and symptoms. Number one: Adults with untreated ADHD may have difficulty maintaining attention and focusing on tasks, especially those that are repetitive, dull, or require persistent mental effort. They may struggle to organize tasks, prioritize activities, and complete them within the time span specified. It might cause issues with time management, deadlines, and feeling overwhelmed by various tasks. Number 2: Undiagnosed adults with ADHD may experience impulsive behavior, acting on...

To begin, in classical conditioning, there are typically three elements involved: the unconditioned stimulus (UCS), the unconditioned response (UCR), and the conditioned stimulus (CS). The UCS naturally triggers a reflexive response, which is the UCR. Through repeated pairings of the UCS with a neutral stimulus, the neutral stimulus becomes the CS, and it eventually elicits a conditioned response (CR) similar to the UCR. Classical conditioning is a type of learning in which an individual develops associations between two stimuli, leading to a change in behavior or response. It was first described by Ivan Pavlov, a Russian physiologist, through his famous experiments with dogs. Classical conditioning can be used by parents in order to establish positive behavior among their children as well. An example of this can be given when trying to introduce your child to brushing their teeth. Suppose a parent wants to teach their child to associate brushing their teeth with a pleasant experience ...

   Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) affects millions of people worldwide, causing significant distress and impairing daily functioning. Fortunately, Exposure Response Prevention (ERP) has proven to be a therapeutic approach that has been highly effective in helping those with OCD. ERP is a type of cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) that targets the main symptoms of OCD. The point of ERP is to expose individuals to their obsessions and compulsions that give them anxiety while preventing the compulsions that accompany it. Individuals gradually learn that their anxieties are groundless, which reduces OCD symptoms over time.      A  study conducted by Abramowitz, Taylor, and McKay (2009) titled "Obsessive-compulsive Disorder" emphasizes the efficacy of ERP in treating OCD. The researchers conducted a meta-analysis, examining 53 studies involving a total of 1,542 participants. The results supported the effectiveness of ERP, demonstrating significant symptom r...